01 diciembre 2007

Conventillo y Cité

Conventillo en Valparaíso, hacia 1900.**

"No hay que confundir conventillo con cité. Los conventillos eran viviendas colectivas instaladas en casas unifamiliares adaptadas para tal fin, generalmente en mal estado o construcciones precarias levantadas o habilitadas para este objeto. Su característica principal era que cada familia disponía de una pieza que daba a un pasillo o a un patio común en el que ocasionalmente existía una fuente de agua y un servicio higiénico colectivo(1).
El conventillo fue un espacio arquitectónico netamente urbano y popular, que permitió, en parte, racionalizar el crecimiento demográfico de la ciudad y enriquecer a sus dueños. Distinto es el caso del cité, que es definido como "un conjunto de viviendas, generalmente de edificación continua, que enfrentan un espacio común, privado, el que tiene relación con la vía pública a través de uno o varios accesos"(2).

Conventillo, hacia 1930.**

La principal diferencia entre conventillos y cités es que los segundos se diseñaron y edificaron con la intención de venderlos o arrendarlos como viviendas colectivas para obreros, y por lo tanto, su estructura, características arquitectónicas y su equipamiento son a propósito para el fin a que se le destina y la cantidad de personas que se espera que allí habiten. En otras palabras, el cité fue concebido como solución habitacional en reemplazo de los conventillos insalubres y para esos efectos fue construido, resultando ser higiénicos.

Conventillo, Valparaíso.**

Se edificaron cités para grupos socio-económicos medios, pero mayoritariamente para los grupos populares, y sobre todo en Santiago, porque en Valparaíso no prosperó el impulso de la construcción, que debían asumir los particulares y no el Estado. Sin embargo, hubo cités porteños, y sus características físicas superiores a los conventillos fueron reconocidas por la población de la ciudad, que hizo distinción entre "conventillo insalubre" y "cité higiénico". Evidentemente, los habitantes de los cités estaban en un nivel superior en la escala socio-económica, porque sólo aquellos que poseían un trabajo asalariado y medianamente bien remunerado podían optar a alguna de las pocas "casas para obreros" dentro de los cités. Por lo mismo, y al ser propietarios, las condiciones de mantención de la vivienda colectiva eran muy superiores a los conventillos(3)."


URBINA C., María Ximena. "Los conventillos de Valparaíso, 1880-1920: Percepción de barrios y viviendas marginales", en: Revista de Urbanismo, N°5, Santiago de Chile, publicación electrónica editada por el Departamento de Urbanismo, F.A.U. de la Universidad de Chile, enero de 2002, I.S.S.N. 0717-5051. http://revistaurbanismo.uchile.cl/n5/urbina.html

Notas
(1) ORTEGA S., Oscar, "El Cité en el origen de la vivienda chilena", en: Ciudad y Arquitectura (CA), Nº 41, Santiago, septiembre de 1985, pág. 19.
(2) Idem, pág. 18.
(3) A veces un conventillo podía transformarse en un cité, cuando el propietario reformaba la antigua construcción e instalaba galpones para lavar, W.C. y servicio de agua potable abundante. El valor del arriendo subía y accedían a él sólo los obreros asalariados de mejor pasar.

** Las imágenes no forman parte del documento antes citado
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